Early Childhood In Playground Children And Young People Essay

Early Childhood In Playground Children And Young People Essay Naturalistic research is done by observing the type of play of children in the early childhood. According to the Piaget stage theory, it is mentioned that the childrens age of 2 to 7 year old is the period when the most occurrence of creating relationship with peers happened (Lahey, 2012). Based on the statement itself, we know that we can easily observe the interaction between children through the type of play in this age range. In current theory, Piaget mention that children in current age are classify with three type of play to occur relationship with peer (Lahey, 2012). One of it is solitary play (Lahey, 2012).Solitary meaning is same with the children are playing alone in the area (Lahey, 2012).Yet solitary play are been classify to two different components, first it name solitary constructive play and second it name solitary non-constructive play(Alicia Richard, 2005). Solitary constructive play is broadly defined as the movement of objects with the purpose of creating somethin g and exploratory play, more specifically including activities such as artwork and puzzle and block construction (Katz Buchholz, 1999; Rubin, 1982; Alicia Richard, 2005). Solitary non-constructive play is described as repetitive muscle movements with or without an object (such as banging a block against a wall; Coplan, Rubin, Fox, Calkins, Stewart, 1994; Lloyd Howe, 2003; Alicia Richard, 2005). Second type of play is called parallel play, it means that children who play around with other children with close distance and yet they are not playing together or having fun together (Lahey, 2012). The last type of play is corporative play which means that children are playing with other children which it could be two children or more (Lahey, 2012). One of the reasons why we conduct the naturalistic research is that we are able to explain the personality of the child according to the three type of play. For example, the majority of solitary play involved active, goal-directed activities such as blocks and arts and crafts; large muscle play; and educational play, such as challenging puzzles, workbooks, or reading (Moore, Evertson Brophy, 1974). As such, children who play alone are most likely to be seen independent and mature more than immature (Moore, Evertson Brophy, 1974). The objective that we focus in the current observation is to determine that children age from 2 to 7 (Preoperational stage) are solitary play in public playground even that other children are around. By past research paper we found that there have a lot thing that children can able to interact with other children for example in public playground which is the place that full with childrens laugher. From the current information, we have a reason that to choose public play ground as the location to do the naturalistic observation. Method Participants: The sample of this survey includes children in the early childhood which was children ranging from 2-7 years old. There were a total of 30 children who participated in the observation. There were about 60% of the children which were male while 40% of them were female. The major percentage of the childrens race which is was 55% is Malay, while about 25% percent of them were foreigners. The rest of the percentage which was 20% consists of both Chinese and Indian. Researchers predict that the age of the children observed were mostly 3 years old. Materials: The materials used for naturalistic observation were simple. Pen and paper were used to record the observations made. Every single detail of the observations made were jot down at the paper with the pen. Any forms of camera or video recorder were not used. Procedures: We did the observation in the childrens playground in KLCC Park for three consecutive days which was Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Observations were done from the time 12-3o clock in the afternoon. We assigned each other to observe from different spots in the park. One observer observed in the center of the of the childrens playground while the rest observed from each corner at the side of the playground. Conclusion The purpose of the research is to investigate the type of play of the children in their early childhood. In this naturalistic research, we managed to collect data by observing 30 children which is under 2-7 ages. We can found that about 30 of children got 17 children were solitary play which is they like to play alone .While the others 13 early childhood were under parallel play and cooperative play. In the 13 of the early childhood, 10 of them were parallel play which is the children were like to play near but not with another child. The rest 3 of them were like to play involves cooperation between two or more children. That means overall in our research ,there are 56 percent of the early childhood like to play alone,33 percent of the them like to play near but not interact with the child and 11 percent of the early childhood like to involves cooperation with other children while they playing. Based on the result we found that our hypothesis match with that result which is to study that children in the age of 2 to 7 years old that children will have a distance with other children when they are near. The situation of children to get near with other children is when one of the children is playing with the playground facility and the child has to share with other children. In the current situation we will list it as parallel play

What is a Self-injurious Behavior

The incident which I have chosen for my Nursing Project happened on the last day of my learning difficulties placement. It involved a young Autistic man, who I will refer to as ‘John† throughout my assignment. This is to protect the client†s identity, this is in accordance with the UKCC Code of professional conduct (1992) clause 10: â€Å"Protect all confidential information concerning patients and clients obtained in the course of professional practice and make disclosures only with consent, where required by the order of a court or where you can justify disclosure in the wider public interest.† One incident which I believe highlights the problem I will address, involved myself bathing ‘John†. This was not the first time that I had bathed a person during the placement, however, the difference this time was that while I was washing ‘John†, he would display elf-injurious behaviour by slapping his face and then repeating the phrase ‘stop slapping face†. I chose this incident from my clinical diary as I feel that the self-injurious behaviour that ‘John† exhibited is an interesting and difficult Nursing problem and one, which affected my ability to care for him. Rather than focussing on the self-injury specifically related to ‘John†s† case, I will examine the possible ways to manage self-injurious behaviour, especially in persons with learning disabilities. To manage this problem effectively, a multi-disciplinary approach is required, but for the purposes of this essay I will look at the problem from a Nurse†s perspective. I will begin by giving a brief description of self-injurious behaviour and the possible causes. I will then highlight the different techniques available to Nurses for the management of this behaviour. Murphy and Wilson(1985) define this as: â€Å"Any behaviour initiated by the individual, which directly results in physical harm to that individual.† As is apparent in the literature, self-injurious behaviour is referred to as any behaviour that can cause tissue damage, such as bruises, redness, and open wounds. The most common forms of these behaviours include head banging, hand biting, head-slapping, and excessive scratching. There are two main sets of theories on the subject and these concentrate on physiological or social causes. The main physiological theories are: Self-injurious behaviour releases beta-endorphins in the person†s brain. Beta-endorphins are opiate like substances in the brain, which provide the person with some pleasure when released. Sudden episodes of self-injury may be caused by sub-clinical seizures. Sub-clinical seizures are not typically associated with the behaviours of normal seizures by they are characterised by abnormal EEG patterns. May be caused by over arousal such as frustration. Self-injury acts as a release, and thus lowers arousal. Self-injury may be a form of self-stimulatory, stereotypic behaviour. Some people exhibit self-injury to escape or avoid a task. Self-injurious behaviour may be used as an attention-seeking device. An incident that involved ‘John† which illustrated the difficulty in managing self-injurious behaviour, was when an object he was obsessed with, was removed. This was using a punishment strategy which I will discuss later. This was thought to be the best course of action, but it lead to ‘John† being restrained for nearly an hour, followed by him being sedated with an intra-muscular injection of chlorpromazine. What can learned from this is that it demonstrates the need for careful assessment of the individual. As highlighted by Murphy and Wilson(1985): â€Å"The treatment selected will depend on how the self-injurious behaviour originally developed and what factors maintain it.† There are a wide variety of different strategies or factors involved in treating or managing self-injurious behaviour. These include restraint, pharmacotheraphy, behavioural therapy, inter-personal strategies, normalisation and environmental factors. I will now examine in turn each of these strategies or factors. This is the most effective way of dealing with self-injurious behaviour in an emergency but there are a number of problems that can arise. Firstly, restraint raises some ethical questions, such as does someone have the right to injure themselves? This dilemna and others related to this topic are difficult to answer, but in general we make the assumption that the client is not capable of choosing for themselves. Secondly, the use of restraint present devaluing images of the client. Thirdly, they involve the violation of personal space which is usual for everyday social interaction. This can lead to a detrimental effect on the nurse/client relationship. Furthermore, there is the risk of injury to staff and to the client. Also there is the possibility of staff being accused of abuse, this is highlighted by Jones and Eayrs(1993): â€Å"Care staff may well face allegations of client abuse associated with the use of restraint.† There are some drawbacks in the use of restraint but it is an essential tool available to the Nurse in the management of Self-injurious or challenging behaviour. A number of drug treatments were used at Woodlands namely Chlorpromazine and Hapliperidol. These were reasonably effective but with these drugs there are serious side effects. As stated by Bernstein et al(1994): â€Å"Serious side effects include symptoms similar to those of Parkinson†s disease, such as muscle rigidity, restlessness, tremor and slowed movement.† These side effects can be treated with anti-Parkinson drugs. When trying to manage inappropriate behaviour using psychoactive drugs they should only be used as an integral part of the client†s programme. For example to combine Pharamacotherapy with other strategies such as behavioural treatments. In general behavioural approaches to treatment seem to be the most effective and long lasting ways of managing violent and aggressive behaviour. A reason for this is suggested by Murphy Wilson( ): â€Å"The fact that the ‘learned behaviour hypothesis† is one of the most convincing hypotheses for explaining the development of self-injurious behaviour.† This term covers a variety of different approaches but some of the main methods are positive reinforcement, modelling, extinction, aversive conditioning and punishment. This means, in the context of my essay, reinforcing or strengthening any behaviour that is not self-injurious. An example of this is raised by Bernstein et al (1994): † Autistic children, who, use very little language, were rewarded with grapes, popcorn, or other items for saying ‘please†, ‘thank you† and ‘your welcome† while exchanging crayons and blocks with a therapist.† This is defined by Bernstein et al(1994) as: â€Å"The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operand behaviour due to elimination either of the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli or of rewards for certain behaviours.† In the case of treating self-injurious behaviour it can be effective, but it is not always possible to use this method, because, firstly the client may seriously injure himself before the behaviour disappears. Secondly, if the reason for the behaviour is self-stimulation, it may not be possible to remove the source of reinforcement. This is basically a method of therapy in which desirable behaviours are demonstrated as a way of teaching them to clients. This method employs classical conditioning principles to link physical or psychological discomfort with undesirable behaviours. An example of this by Bernstein et al(1994) is: â€Å"Alcoholics might be allowed to drink after taking a nausea-producing drug, so that the taste and smell of alcohol are associated with nausea rather than the usual pleasurable feelings.† This was used extensively at woodlands. The main way in which clients were relaxed was through the use of a ‘sensory room.† This was basically a room that contained various lights, music and tactile objects designed to relax the client. The ‘sensory room† was extremely effective at woodlands and was an invaluable apparatus in the management of violent or aggressive behaviour. This kind of strategy involves penalising any behaviour considered to be inappropriate. These were used at Woodlands, sometimes they were effective, but in one case regarding ‘John† it seemed to make matters worse, leading to him to require to be sedated. In general punishment strategies should be used in conjunction with reinforcement of desirable and non-injurious behaviours. This is an important strategy in the treatment of challenging behaviour. It is the way in which a Nurse communicates verbally or non-verbally with the client. It is recognised that inappropriate behaviour from carers can instigate or maintain aggressive behaviours. The important factors as indicated by my research are eye contact, posture, touch and how the nurse actually speaks to the client. From my research I have found that there is a great deal of contradictory advice when dealing with an aggressive client. For example there is some evidence that remaining calm is the best thing to do but Breakwell(1989) cited by Jones and Eayrs(1993) suggests that: â€Å"The assailant who shouts is shouted at: calm intensity is greeted with equal intensity.† What is obvious is that when dealing with a client, interpersonal strategies are extremely important, but there is no right or wrong way. This is defined by Bank-Mikkelson (1980) cited by Murphy and Wilson(1985) as the need to: † Create an existence for the mentally retarded as close to normal living conditions as possible† This means to make conditions of education, housing, work and leisure to as near normal as possible and to bring greater equality of rights, obligations and responsibilities under law. Although it is not necessarily related with the treatment of someone who presents challenging behaviour, it is an important factor in considering the overall care of the client. This is providing an environment safe from potential factors, which may cause challenging behaviours. Some of these negative environmental factors may be things like loud noise, absence of attention, aggression from other residents, isolation or not enough space.

English as an Official Language for the US Essay

â€Å"Do we really need another bureaucracy controlling how and what we speak?† (â€Å"English Should Not Be the Official Language of the United States.† n.d.) I think when the government makes English as an official language, people could have a chance to choose what language they want use in their homes. It was surprising to me when I found out that the U.S.A does not have an official language. Although English is many people’s native language, it also often used for business. For me, I think the U.S.A should declare English as an official language for many reasons. When I asked some Americans about their opinion, they said U.S.A is a country of freedom, which means there can be no laws that do anything to take the freedom from American citizens, accordingly they are against making English an official language. I think if the country makes English as an official language, it would not affect the freedom because people can speak another language at home, they just will use English as an official language. English is the global language is one of the reasons to make English as an official language of U.S.A. Around the world people usually learn English in their school. For example, in my country, which is Saudi Arabia, we study English from the fourth year of school until graduation. By making English the official language citizens could still keep their freedom while government declare English as an official language. English is already lingua franca of the United States. Lingua franca means a popular language that is used throughout the country. Many people in U.S.A use English as a first language. Another example, pilots have to learn English to use it when they fly. Another example is in Saudi Arabia, which is my country, the doctors have to learn English and that’s weird how the doctors in other countries, which have Arabic as an official language, must learn English. Being the lingua franca is one of the reasons, which I think it would make sense for the US government to declare English as an official language. The government could save money if they declared English as an official language. â€Å"The report finds that the federal government has spent US$4.5 billion on outsourced language services since 1990.† (â€Å"Common Sense Advisory Home.† 1/10/2011.) Depend to this fact the U.S. could have saved $4.5 billion in translation services from 1990 until 2009 if it had declared English as the official language. This includes translation for 911, hospitals, and other services. Also, the economy could benefit if the United States declare English as an official language because most tourists use English as a second language. The government saves money, is just one more reason to argue for English as an official language in the United States. The US would gain international respect as one of the reasons to argue for declaring English as an official language of the U.S.A. When the international community knows the official language in U.S.A is English they would try to learn English before they come. When the visitors learn English before they come, it would help citizens to be able better understand the visitors. Gaining international respect is one of my reasons to support English as an official language in the United States. In conclusion, the U.S should declare English as an official language because Americans can still keep freedoms while promoting national identity. English is already lingua franca. It would benefit the economy and the U.S would gain international respect. For these reasons the U.S should declare English as an official language.

False Advertising Essay - 610 Words

False Advertising Nowadays television and the advertising displayed in it is a part of everyday life in most households. What many people do not know is that television in many ways is bad. Numerous articles have been written on this. Many surveys and books have been written on this subject as well. The ads in television are what are especially bad. Some television ads are misleading. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Countless articles have been written on false advertising on television. Most of these articles target specific instances of fraudulent behavior, but some do address the television industry as a whole. These articles for the most part seem to be complaining about politicians (more so than the advertisers themselves) and the†¦show more content†¦About three quarters of these books include sections on false advertising (generally large ones), the steps taken in preventing it, and how much of it you see every day. I think John Lahr put it best when he said quot;Society drives people crazy with lust and calls it advertising.quot;. What he meant in my opinion was that advertising is simply meant to tease and really has little bearing on real life (other than to sell the product). That ties directly in with false advertising, because if something has little bearing on real life and the companies are trying to say that it does have bearing on real life, it is falsely advertising the product. A good way to demonstrate this would be if every family in America with a television saw one advertisement which twisted the facts approximately 99% of Americas families will have been sold on a product when they are not getting the absolute truth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Some television ads are misleading. There should be no doubt in your mind about that now. There have been hundreds of books, articles, and surveys written which help prove this. 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