Evaluation of Digital and Online Marketing Technology

Assessment of Digital and Online Marketing Technology Section A Question 1 I accept web based showcasing instruments are a piece of the promoting blend as channels that can be utilized. There might be occupied concentration with respect to advanced showcasing in the event that it is simply utilized for publicizing or advancing an item/administration on the web. Advanced showcasing can be utilized in numerous manners while we consider encouraging it in an associations promoting correspondence blend, as opposed to concentrate on 1 type of the advertising correspondence blend. As innovations are on an ascent and the ability to focus of clients is declining, I would propose examining showcasing devices to help promoting by means of online substance conduct, understanding approaches to advise customers about the item if for instance they were to look through a specific item. On the off chance that we take a gander at the measure of information mining, customer buy conduct, etc by means of the web. The association can utilize such information to take advantage of important data that would help quicken their deals or profit explicit items while understanding the interest exists. On the off chance that we take a gander at Amazon and Google, these two associations will in general have a great deal of computerized promoting working very well for them, as they have tried it in gathering data and observing what they buy and how they buy it. With such instruments an association can tailor ads towards the clients, we can see it progressively like an On-Demand Advert which would then catch the eye of clients who are searching for explicit things. There exists many quickened methods of showcasing on the web, with the degree of advancement we have embraced, web promoting made it more straightforward to encourage the accompanying: Advertising Speculator Relations Client care Prospect Qualifications Item Sales Client Interaction and Feedback Inner Communications With that all being stated, the advanced world has opened up more open doors for advertisers as to understanding Buyer conduct, Communicating as often as possible to the client, Public relations thus considerably more. Advertisers will in general believe computerized showcasing to be additional time-effective and is utilized by the majority, thus it makes it simpler to catch a more extensive reach, though the manners in which they showcase or permit themselves to be seen by the buyer may need to change as to maintain a strategic distance from the navigate conduct of the client. I concur that computerized promoting will become basic instruments in brand building and different types of imparting to the shopper, primarily Customer Relationships. Advertisers can avoid promotion squares and such, on the off chance that they simply invest a touch of energy attempting to gain proficiency with somewhat about the online substance conduct but pay special mind to advancements out there, for example, Geo-labeling, vicinity showcasing, etc. Question 2 As a showcasing director, there are 5 stages to assessing computerized advances: Stage 1: I would assess the objectives of the associations computerized showcasing efforts by understanding the quantity of social offers our posts are accepting, size of our fan base on interpersonal organizations, the measure of times Nike is being referenced via web-based networking media, look into the quantity of constructive audits discovered online by means of shoppers, check the measure of online traffic we are jumping on our website page just as how frequently interfaces are being redirected to our site page from other internet based life outlets. On the off chance that every one of these things were finished by the past advertising group, I would take a gander at whether the objectives are being met, on the off chance that not I would, at that point overhaul our objectives as to suit our goals. Stage 2: I would re-evaluate the objective market, on the off chance that it is transformed I should encourage a data search as to have a thought of the socioeconomics, premiums and online exercises that the shoppers may have, this will permit me to accomplish buyer profiling as to advertising sensible substance to them. Stage 3: I would need to take a gander at our online advanced nearness, this implies I should perceive how well Nike is getting along in the social online condition, are they dynamic or uninvolved with regards to advertising and client connections. Is it accurate to say that they are using everything the online world brings to the table from advancements that can be attainable to receive? Stage 4: I would assess the kinds of messages Nike is imparting to the buyers in advanced structure. It is safe to say that they are sending the correct message to the correct purchaser? Is the purchaser understanding the message and following up on it, emphatically or adversely? Stage 5: I would assess the exhibition of Nikes advanced advertising efforts. How is Nike profiting by such channels? It is safe to say that we are making a benefit while minimizing expenses? Is our pace of venture on advanced promoting obvious to us, and is it positive? Question 3 I would use practically all web based advertising devices to permit the perceivability of the new item. The regular showcasing specialized devices will be placed into impact, for example, publicizing, advancing the idea in different expos, talking open doors as to depict the item, joint promoting, co-marking and a lot progressively customary ways that can be communicated online by means of online substance advertisements, which are straightforward adverts that will spring up because of their importance while buyers possibly be perusing for another telephone for instance. Site improvement. Get the word out there, be perceptible through social outlets. Email promoting is one approach to educate the purchasers about the item. Google AdWords to support web based promoting. Bloggers or internet based life influencers, by offering the telephone for testing by wide arrive at blogger or youtubers as to specify your item or talk in more insight concerning it. Online retail locations, you can be specific with regards to who you wish to sell the new telephone and when they can sell it, for example, your own site, amazon and any semblance of amazon. The system would begin varying as appropriation rates either increment or decline, on the off chance that they increment, at that point the association should be and remain proactive while managing advertising, improve client benefits and advance consumer loyalty, in the event that they decline I would, at that point propose returning to the item and rethinking the entire procedure of the showcasing correspondence. Part B Question 1 I would especially assess for what reason ought to McDonalds acquaint a vegetable burger with their store? I should characterize the issue and comprehend where the data search should begin, before building up the required exploration, when that is masterminded then I would distinguish the examination strategy. It will either be Primary or Secondary, or both. For this specific situation, I will investigate the optional information from the outset since it is less expensive, quicker and accessible though this might be one-sided. For instance, in certain district McDonalds can romanticize an objective market for such an item, for example, set up where there exists an extraordinary populace of veggie lovers in contrasted with non-vegans, and check whether the item picks up prominence, if so they can continue in advancing the selections of items in better places as to oblige the gatherings of individuals who are veggie lover fundamentally. Consequently, I would choose Descriptive and Causal examination instead of Explanatory exploration. When I have discovered the important, unbiased, precise and current information I require, we can educate for testing regarding the item as to not burn through much time in searching for essential information, when such information can be benefited to us by advancing the item being investigated premise and perceive how well it does.

Data Mining in Chain Hotels Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Information Mining in Chain Hotels - Assignment Example Databases can be utilized by a few clients looking for organizations in this part. It causes them to beat difficulties of rivalry and fulfill the needs of the market.  This study tries to build up a database for lodging network the board working 20 inns in 4 nations. The information digging for the store of data for every lodging and performs examination as to the given inn. For every inn the information distribution center will store its name, type, address, nation, area, postcode, telephone number, and the name of the administrator. The information likewise incorporate various sorts of rooms like single, twofold, family, suits, and so on. Each room may likewise fuse certain discretionary highlights, for example, fridge, kitchenette, or clothing. The framework ought to have each room depicted as room’s type, size, number of beds, the most extreme number of clients, cooler (Boolean), kitchenette (Boolean), clothing (Boolean). The limit of the lodging network to oblige clients is constrained. The database should help the administration on the most proficient method to value the lodgings so as to acknowledge greatest income assortment. Taki ng a gander at the limit of the inn after some time given in the information distribution center, they can without much of a stretch think of the costs. Examination between the inhabitance rate (use) and the opportunity rate is thought of.  The lodging chain’s ability to oblige clients is constrained. Every lodging has a set number of rooms. The essential wellspring of income is settlement in lodgings. The greatest test the organization faces is deciding how to value the lodgings. On the off chance that they are valued low, the lodgings will be continually reserved and in this manner clients will be compelled to attempt different inns in rivalry with The Grande Chat and if the rooms are evaluated excessively high, a great deal of rooms will stay vacant. The lodging network the board needs to acknowledge benefits. The main route is to utilize the information mining to understand their basic, intriguing examples and connections that untruth covered up inside the investigation (Data mining).

A view from the class Raúl Andres Soto, MPA 15 Leah Yudin, MPA 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

A view from the class Raúl Andres Soto, MPA ’15 Leah Yudin, MPA’ 15 COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog For this  SIPA student stories series edition, weve decided to share with you the backgrounds of two of our amazing students who are in their first year of study at SIPA. One is a Fulbright scholar from Guatemala who now co-chairs the SIPA Student Association. The other student is from New Jersey and hopes to work for the City of New York one day. Lets see what theyve been up to!   Raúl Andres Soto, MPA ’15 is in the development practice program at SIPA. Raúl is a Fulbright scholar from Guatamala and a beneficiary of the Guatefuturo Foundation of Guatemala. Raúl holds a BS from the Universidad del Valle de Guatamala and has a diverse professional background in the academic, private and non-profit sectors in Guatemala. His contributions as an engineer started with his undergraduate work, where he took part in a multidisciplinary initiative to systematize the processing of Ramón (Maya Nut, Brosiumum spp) tree seeds. Raúl then worked for two years in the food industry in Guatemala, focusing on quality and food safety aspects in an exporting canning factory and a beverage factory (the manufacturers for Pepsi in Guatemala). In 2011, he assisted the productivity component of the program Opening Opportunities of the Population Council, which aims to provide life skills to female Maya youth in rural Guatemala. From 2012 until the beginning of graduate studies, h e was an adjunct professor at the Universidad del Valle de Guatemala, having taught the food chemistry laboratory and coordinated multidisciplinary student projects such as the one he undertook for his graduation. At SIPA, Raúl is the general secretary and academic affairs co-chair of the SIPA Student Association. This past summer, he undertook research at WorldFish and the International Livestock Research Institute of the CGIAR Consortium in Zambia. The work helped to assess the safety of fish for human consumption in the Western Province of Zambia. After his studies at SIPA, Raúl hopes to contribute to alleviating the double burden of malnutrition in Guatemala, as it is one of the countries in the world with highest under- and over-nutrition rates. Raúl is also an amateur musician, having performed in different venues in Guatemala with the band, Lamboratorium, and released four online records. Leah Yudin, MPA’ 15, is concentrating in urban and social policy with a specialization in management at SIPA. Originally from southern New Jersey, Leah has lived in Philadelphia, Las Vegas, and Washington, DC before coming to New York. Leah worked primarily for nonprofit organizations prior to SIPA, where her work touched on U.S. foreign policy, environmental advocacy, and nuclear nonproliferation. At SIPA, she serves as the USP Concentration departmental research assistant and the communication chair for the Gender Policy Working Group. Leah spent last summer interning in the Operations department of the New York City Economic Development Corporation, where she worked on the Graffiti Free NYC program. This experience confirmed her interest in working to solve urban problems, and she has continued her internship throughout this semester. She is hoping to work for the City of New York upon graduation, or for a related economic development or service provision organization in NYC. We look forward to Raúl and Leah’s second year at SIPA!

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Gender Inequality Sports For Females And Females

23 July 2015 Gender Inequality in Sport Sport has been one of the most important socio-cultural learning experiences for males and females. Sports provide an amazing release for people of all ages. People are requested and welcomed to play sports at any age. Sometimes there are many limitations due to personal reasons that restrain people from participating in sport such as money, peer pressure, location, etc. For the last century males are expected to be strong, independent, and athletic. Male athletes masculinity symbolizes an image of physical health, and sexual virility throughout their bodies as well. Nowadays, women’s participation in sports is becoming popular but it is still overshadowed by men’s. According to the Women’s Sport Foundation before the title IX â€Å"given equal athletic opportunities, women will rush to fill them; the remaining discrepancies in sports participation rates are the result of continuing discrimination in access to those opportunities† (â€Å" Title IX Myths a nd Fact†). Under the title IX, female has the playing field been. Women now can participate in many sports, which were only played by men before. However, the main reason that female usually do not participate is due to gender inequity. Some of people believe that the inequity in sports has not changed over the years, especially opportunities and benefits. Although sports provide opportunities for both males and females, female participating in sports generally have less opportunities toShow MoreRelatedGender Inequality Within A Competitive Athletic Workplace870 Words   |  4 Pages 2015 Gender Inequality What are the types of gender inequality in this world? 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Violating Social Norms Free Essays

For this assignment, I decided to violate the social norm of not talking on the phone while watching a movie in a movie theater. Before the movie started, I tested my sister and asked her to call me during the movie. When she did so, I proceeded to have a 2-3 minute conversation with her and spoke loudly so that those around me would notice and be distracted. We will write a custom essay sample on Violating Social Norms or any similar topic only for you Order Now The people around me In the theater were obviously bothered by my behavior and annoyed. Several people turned around to stare at me or whispered under their breath to their friends. A few Just Just shook their heads or sighed. The social norm of refraining from talking on the phone during In a movie theater was an example of an explicit (In this case), Injunctive norm. The norm was explicit because during the movie previews, there was an advertisement that read â€Å"Please no talking on the phone or testing during the movie. † Through this ad, everyone In the theater was made directly aware of the social norm. Not talking on the phone In a movie is an injunctive norm because it is observed as the socially acceptable and polite thing to do. It is perceived that people approve of this behavior because it shows respect and consideration for those who want to watch the movie free of distractions or disturbances. This social norm is typically enforced through compliance. Even if a person might originally consider talking on the phone in a movie theater, they usually comply with the theater’s directly stated request to not do so in the pre-movie â€Å"Please do not talk on the phone or text during the movie† message. My violation of this social norm elicited various mechanisms of social control from those surrounding me. As mentioned above, fellow movie-watchers tried to make me feel guilty for my â€Å"rude† behavior by fidgeting in their seats, loudly sighing, frequently turning around to stare at me, and muttering complaints to their friends. A woman at the end of my row even turned to face me and loudly said â€Å"Really!? Please get off your phone. † During my violation of a social norm, I felt extremely uncomfortable and self- conscious. I felt like all the attention in the theater was focused on me, and that everyone was negatively Judging me. As a result of the hostile responses around me, I let very attacked, anxious and embarrassed. I wanted to remove myself from the awkward situation as soon as possible. I think the people around me In the movie theater would explain my behavior with the assumption that I have a blatant disregard for others. They would probably attribute my violation of the social norm to what they see as self-centeredness, disrespect, and social awkwardness because compliance with the norm of not using your cell phone in a movie theater attempts to show decency and concern for the enjoyment of others. Since I used my phone and did not try to control my volume, people logically assumed that I Just didn’t care about those around me. Violating Social Norms By calligrapher’s would notice and be distracted. The people around me in the theater were obviously The social norm of refraining from talking on the phone during in a movie theater was an example of an explicit (in this case), injunctive norm. The norm was explicit talking on the phone or testing during the movie. † Through this ad, everyone in the theater was made directly aware of the social norm. How to cite Violating Social Norms, Papers

Mental Health Issues at Different Stages-Free-Samples for Students

Questions: 1.Describe the Presentation of Mental Health Issues at Different Stages of the Lifespan. 2.Describe the Impact Of Mental Health Addiction Issues On Human Development. Answers: Introduction: The understandings of the development of our mental health procedures across the lifespan of the human being are largely dependent on the knowledge of mental healthcare and the development of the mental disorders. The unfortunate part is that the individuals are not aware of the several etiology of the mental illness. However, the several mental health programs that are coordinated all over the globe are beneficial for awaking the people about the several mental problems throughout their lives. The report gives an understanding of presentation of mental illness in different stages of human life discussed the ultimate impact of natural support of affected person. It also gives understanding regarding the impact of mental issue on human development. 1.Presentation of mental health issues at different stages of life span Infancy (0-4 years) The experiences in the years of childhood are main pillars that lay the foundations of the health care of the individual in their future years. Signs and symptoms of mental health problems can be evident very early in life, although, before the ages of 3 or 4 years, risk factors for mental health problems and mental disorders, rather than actual manifestations of disorder, are more likely to be evident. Mental illness in young children are very rare. Two very rare mental disorder in children includes feeding disorder and autism. Autism spectrum disorder is a developmental disorder, which results in social, communication and behavioral challenges. The early signs of autism in infants may include delay in basic areas of development such as talking, playing and interacting. Common issues in infants include difficulty in verbal and non-verbal communication, relating to the world and thinking (Jones et al, 2014). On the other hand, Feeding disorder results in poor development and independ ent functioning. The impact of this condition is directly felt on parents when their child cannot grow and develop normally resulting in great stress for them (Fisher et al., 2014). Child (4-12 years) Presentation of mental health issue in childhood has been a growing concern as it threatens mental health during adolescence and adulthood too. Around 20% of children and adolescents are affected by mental health disorders. Half of the mental disorder initiates before the age of 13 years. In childhood, mental health issues initiates with anxiety before proceeding to adolescent depression (Child and adolescent mental health, 2017). The most common disorder seen at this stage of human life includes anxiety disorder, mood disorder, conduct disorder and attention deficit disorder. Children with Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) tend to day dream and pay less attention to class activities and other task. Their work is very disorganized and they face extreme difficulty in staying focussed. They struggle to control compulsive behavior (Barkley, 2013). According to the CDC report, about 11 of children between 4-17 years have been diagnosed with ADHD in 2011 (ADHD Estimates Rise , 2017). Another common problem seen in this group includes mood disorder About 3% of children are affected by depression and the occurrence of this condition increases in children who are exposed to family and contextual risk factors. Family risk factor might include parental depression and family stressors like poverty, homelessness, marital conflict and loss of job in parents. Children affected by mood disorder have poor concentration, decreased engagement in activities, poor social relationship and irritability (Mash Barkley, 2014). Many aspects of a persons life is affected by ADHD. The most significant impact is seen in educational attainment of children. School based problems like poor academic performance becomes common in children as various impairment associated with the disease results in limited reading, writing and comprehension skill in children. Children with ADHD are prone to hyperactivity, aggression and impulsivity which less severe at the age of 4-12 years, however when they reach adulthoods, they experience continued functional impairment and develop significant problems. Poor and restricted participation is also seen in people affected by ADHD (Seblany et al., 2014). On the other hand, the impact of the illness is also seen on families when they have to bear with behavioral and developmental disturbances in their children. Family functioning and family dynamic is affected and the financial burden of families increases due to the cost involved in treatment. Siblings are also affected as they feel victimized by episodes of physical violence and aggression in home (Schei et al., 2016). Hence, increase in stressful situation within family environment due to ADHD results in high risk of physical and mental health issues both in adults and children. Similarly, difficulty is also faced by family members whose children are affected by mood disorder. Adolescent (13-18 years) Psychosocial disorder has become common in young people between the age of 13-18 years. All the incidence of adult-type mental disorder like psychosis and mood and anxiety disorder mostly originate by 18 years. Depression, anxiety and behavioral disorder, substance abuse is most prevalent in adolescence in New Zealand. The twelve months prevalence of any disorder was maximum in age group of 16-24 years and it gradually decreased while processing through the age of 25-44, 45-64 and 65 and above years (Depression in young people, 2017). The presence of both anxiety and depression results in comorbidities like substance abuse disorder. This habit is mainly developed in adolescents due to the quest for experimentation with the drugs. This practice is often associated with multiple substance abuse. For example, two-third of children who uses Marijuana in childhood were also found to be alcohol dependent in New Zealand. The ultimate impact of anxiety and depression is that it results in impaired functioning, emotional distress, poor health and risk of suicide in young children. For this reason, one-fifth of total suicides cases in New Zealand is seen between age group of 15-24 years. Even when they get treatment for disorder, the risk of recurrence in adulthood is high (Depression in young people, 2017). Many factors might be contributing to depression in children such physical, genetic or environmental factor. Common risk factor for depression includes bullying experience in school, loss of loved ones, low self-esteem, chronic illness, physical abuse or childhood trauma (Cummings, Caporino, Kendall, 2014). On personal level, depression experiences contributes to the development of depression and behavioral disorder in children. The long term impact of this is feelings of low self-esteem, self-harming behavior, poor academic performance, challenges in family and social relationship and substance abuse in affected person. At young stage, engagement in risky behavior is seen and in adulthood, this translates to low income level high divorce rate and suicide in people (Verboom et al., 2014). The issue of mental illness in young children has dramatic impact on family members and friends too as they feel helpless because of the inability to control their childs behavior. The main concern is related to how they will cope with peers, schoolwork and other competitions in life. In case of children with self-harming behavior, natural support group mostly have the fear that their children might end their lives (Ray et al., 2017). Adult (19-64 years) Schizophrenia and post-traumatic stress disorder are the two mental illness found in adults. Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder associated with impaired thinking process and emotional responsiveness. People with schizophrenia are mostly found to have symptoms of delusions, hallucination and irrational thought pattern. The condition is treated mostly with antipsychotic medications and psychosocial therapies. Although, this mental disorder is not very common among adults, however it can develop into a serious and chronic mental illness. New cases of schizophrenia mostly appear in early adulthood and very rarely seen in children and older adults. The peak age of vulnerability includes age group of 16-25 years (WHO | Schizophrenia, 2017).On the other hand, Post traumatic stress disorder in adults results in emotional and sleeping difficulties, anger, irritation and depression when they witness traumatic events in life. People struggles with recurrent and distressing memories, whi ch affect their health and well-being (Morina et al., 2014). Diagnosis of schizophrenia significantly affects quality of life of affected person. Adults with the condition mostly lack desire to engage in social relationship. They have blunted feelings and emotion with no desire to accomplish any goal in life. All these factors lead to difficulty in holding jobs, performing daily life activities and forming good social relationship. In case of families whose members are affected by schizophrenia, it creates many distressing and disruptive situations on a daily basis (Kuipers et al., 2014). Family members struggle in coping with the symptoms of dementia in their loved ones. The impact on family is also exacerbated when people deny their illness and do seek appropriate medical attention. This recognition of illness among family members is important because unless they do so, they cannot comply with medication. The long-term impact of untreated dementia is seen in the form of unemployment, drug abuse, physical health deterioration, homelessness an d violence among people (The Effect on Families - Schizophrenia Research Institute, 2017).As posttraumatic stress disorder is also associated with self-destructive behavior, exaggerated response and problem in concentration, distressing situation is created for family member and affected person faced difficulty in acquiring jobs and sustaining relationship (Morina et al., 2014). Older person (65 years plus) Dementia and depression are common among elderly people above 65 years of age. Dementia is a mental disorder resulting in impaired memory, thinking and behavior. About 47.5 million people are living with dementia worldwide. On the other hand, depression is common among elderly people, which impairs their daily functioning in life. There might be many reasons for depression such as frailty due to ageing, lack of family attention, social isolation and little work life responsibilities (Mental health and older adults, 2017).Therefore, the perception of poor health and poor functioning increases in older adults. Dementia and depression are chronic conditions that have many social and economic implications for family members. Physical, emotional and economic pressures of families are increased and they experience great distress. Physical and psychological health of family members are also affected by personal support networks of elderly people with dementia and depression (Kasper et al., 2015). 2.Impact of mental health and addiction issues on human development: Tangata whaiora is the term used for consumers in New Zealand who seek mental health services. The two tangata whaiora selected for this paper are (Gleeson et al., 2007): Pete, 17 year old Maaori male, suffering from alcohol addiction problem. His referral was activated after withdrawing from alcohol. He has history of parental separation and had to support his father with his ongoing drug and alcohol dependence. He has little support from his family. He has poor physical health and academic achievement. Aroha, 21 year old Maaori female, diagnosed with psychosis. She has past history of drug abuse and was arrested several times for selling illicit substance. She also has family history of mental illness. Impact on Pete Pete undergoes frequent mood swings and impaired judgment- Heavy drinking in adolescence have deleterious effect on neurocognition. It decreases attention, executive functioning and speed of information processing. Pete is adolescent, this stage is the transition between the childhood and adulthood. This stage is represented by significant changes in hormones and formation of new networks in brain (Jacobus Tapert, 2013). According to Herrenkohl et al (2013) alcohol dependent adolescents when compared to the healthy control have less (10%) verbal and nonverbal information. The former have poor academic achievement due to reduced attention. They therefore lack language competence. The same was the case of Pete. Adolescents show abnormalities in brain response on cognitive tasks which measures spatial working memory. In addition, he failed to utilize broad range of learning and knowledge. This may related to the poor academic achievement. As per Palmer et al. (2013), people aged betwee n 18-25 years with heavy drinking habits have decreased prefrontal and parietal regions. In addition, alcohol addiction also leads to decrease or poorer white matter integrity. White matter integrity is important for efficient transfer of information in brain. These differences in functional brain activity in people adolescents with alcohol addiction may be associated with metabolic changes to some extent (Gautam et al. 2014). According to the study executed by Squeglia et al. (2014) learning impairment in adolescents due to alcohol have greater difficulty remembering the geometrical designs. It is also the common alcohol withdrawal symptoms and is indicative of heavy drinking pattern. Frequent mood swings in alcohol addiction adolescents are associated with emotional problem. Anxiety and depression are masked by alcohol abuse is contributor of psychological distress that effects education and concentration (Jacobus Tapert, 2013).Pete has poor physical health and social isolation- At the time of referral, he was physically weak with disheveled appearance. He had increased sleep and preferred staying at home. His responses were delayed to verbal prompts. He had disorganized thoughts and actions. His physical weakness kept him away from participating in sports and socialization. According to Best et al. (2016) social isolation is common in most cases of binge drinking among adolescents. The common reason for this behavior is lack of energy, history of child abuse and parental separation. Due to lack of energy an adolescent may fail to compete in sportive events or physical; activity such as exercise. Hence, these adolescents do not strengthen muscles of bones. The lack of competitive spirit and zeal to win is significantly low. It is due to social isolation and low self-esteem and confidence (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). As per the literature, the impact on physical health in case of Pete may also be due to similar reasons. Pete too had parental separation and it was difficult for him to cope with his studies supporting his father. He was not in good terms with his step-father and other new relations in his family. These experiences kept him stressed and lonely in his childhood. These experiences led to limited friends as he mostly stayed at home. Therefore, he gained little success at schools. At home, he had limited supported from his grandparents. His mom stayed outdoors due to busy working schedule. This led to overall tension and disconnection with his family members. Therefore, he had paid little attention to his personal hygiene, food and nutrition. It may be the cause of his poor physical development (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). At the time of referral he was most restricted to his bedroom. He does not appear to connect with his culture and life sustaining principle of Maori. It was also found in the case of Pete that had limited life principles and ethos. According to Jacobus Tapert (2013)) adolescents with early onset of alcohol drinking have poor being and sense of self that make them less interested about their physical appearances. It may be related to the poor physical appearance of Pete at the time of referral. Poor hygiene is the other major cause of frequent illness, which is also evident from the case history of Pete. Inadequate sleeping leads to stress and low energy level which further increases the risk of the social problems. It may include risky sex, sexual assault and risk of sexually transmitted disease (Herrenkohl et al., 2013). Impact on Aroha Aroha suffers from hallucinations- she experiences somatic delusions such as having a broken ankles or stomach upsets. However, her medical history and X ray reports of no such abnormality. Her problem of hallucinations prevents her from functioning effectively in activities of daily living. She experiences auditory hallucinations which keeps her mainly restricted to her home. She exhibits suicidality and self-harm behavior. According to her parents, she was previously found attempting to hang herself and cut her wrist. According to Volkow et al. (2016), adults with drug addiction and psychosis experience paranoid thoughts and frequent admissions to hospital. It is the devastating effect of drug abuse that cause alterations in function neurotransmitter. Drugs have rewarding function due to release of neurotransmitters in brain such as dopamine, which gives immense pleasure. Consequently, it hampers the intellectual development and the ability of an individual to feel satisfied from l ife (Kwan et al., 2014). It can be related to the attempts of suicide in case of Aroha and it is evident from the case study that she lacks interest in her life. Therefore, Aroha does not pursue any activities that are normal at her age. She rarely takes household responsibility or that of her academics. Her hallucinations prevent her from being in present state of mind. Aroha lacks goal directed behavior- Adults of this age engage in rational thinking, social interactions and are goal directed. In case of Aroha she seems to have lost contact with reality therefore, she does not have normal human development at this age. According to Muench et al. (2014) drug abuse and psychosis is commonly associated with alterations in perceptions and difficult concentrating. It can be related to the lack of determination and goal directed behavior of Aroha. It is due to difficult concentration, feeling of suspicion, obsessive thinking and distorted perception that makes it difficult for such individual stay determined or focused (Brust, 2014). They thus lose huge opportunities and end up having failure in life. In case of Aroha, she has no career planning or professional role to play. She has transient living and cultural disconnection unlike her friends who have fulfilled life and are career oriented. Therefore, she has developed poor relationships with her famil y members and also her friends. Her loneliness has made her vulnerable to illicit drug use in addition to her family history of mental illnesses. Conclusion The paper has presented the mental health issues at different stages of life span. Followed this a description of the impact of the mental health issues on the tangata whaiora and their natural support at each of the life span is clearly provided. The paper has clearly described the impact of mental health and addiction issues on human development. A total of four impact were presented for two tangata whai ora. It can be concluded that early detection and treatment is necessary for people at any age to overcome their mental health issues. When compared to young adults the teenagers cannot be expected to understand the full range of consequences of their choice related to addictions due to different stages of brain development. However, in both cases the support services must include the family members for faster and full recovery and retain normal human development in other stages of lifespan. References ADHD Estimates Rise. (2017).Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 18 June 2017, from https://www.cdc.gov/media/dpk/child-development/adhd-estimates/dpk-adhd-estimates-rise.html Barkley, R. A. (2013). Distinguishing sluggish cognitive tempo from ADHD in children and adolescents: executive functioning, impairment, and comorbidity.Journal of Clinical Child Adolescent Psychology,42(2), 161-173. Best, D., Beckwith, M., Haslam, C., Alexander Haslam, S., Jetten, J., Mawson, E., Lubman, D. I. (2016). Overcoming alcohol and other drug addiction as a process of social identity transition: The Social Identity Model of Recovery (SIMOR). Addiction Research Theory, 24(2), 111-123. Brust, J. C. (2014). Neurologic complications of illicit drug abuse. CONTINUUM: Lifelong Learning in Neurology, 20(3, Neurology of Systemic Disease), 642-656. Child and adolescent mental health. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 18 June 2017, from https://www.who.int/mental_health/maternal-child/child_adolescent/en/ Cummings, C. M., Caporino, N. E., Kendall, P. C. (2014). Comorbidity of anxiety and depression in children and adolescents: 20 years after.Psychological bulletin,140(3), 816. Depression in young people. (2017).www.bpac.org.. Retrieved 17 June 2017, from https://www.bpac.org.nz/BPJ/2010/January/docs/bpjse_young_depression.pdf Fisher, M. M., Rosen, D. S., Ornstein, R. M., Mammel, K. A., Katzman, D. K., Rome, E. S., ... Walsh, B. T. (2014). Characteristics of avoidant/restrictive food intake disorder in children and adolescents: a new disorder in DSM-5.Journal of Adolescent Health,55(1), 49-52. Gautam, P., Nuez, S. C., Narr, K. L., Kan, E. C., Sowell, E. R. (2014). Effects of prenatal alcohol exposure on the development of white matter volume and change in executive function. NeuroImage: Clinical, 5, 19-27. Gleeson, J. F., Killackey, E., Krstev, H. (Eds.). (2007). Psychotherapies for the psychoses: Theoretical, cultural and clinical integration. Routledge. Herrenkohl, T. I., Hong, S., Klika, J. B., Herrenkohl, R. C., Russo, M. J. (2013). Developmental impacts of child abuse and neglect related to adult mental health, substance use, and physical health. Journal of family violence, 28(2), 191-199. Jacobus, J., Tapert, S. F. (2013). Neurotoxic effects of alcohol in adolescence. Annual review of clinical psychology, 9, 703-721. Jones, E. J., Gliga, T., Bedford, R., Charman, T., Johnson, M. H. (2014). Developmental pathways to autism: a review of prospective studies of infants at risk.Neuroscience Biobehavioral Reviews,39, 1-33. Kasper, J. D., Freedman, V. A., Spillman, B. C., Wolff, J. L. (2015). The disproportionate impact of dementia on family and unpaid caregiving to older adults.Health Affairs,34(10), 1642-1649. Kuipers, E., Yesufu-Udechuku, A., Taylor, C., Kendall, T. (2014). Management of psychosis and schizophrenia in adults: summary of updated NICE guidance.BMJ: British Medical Journal,348. Kwan, M., Bobko, S., Faulkner, G., Donnelly, P., Cairney, J. (2014). Sport participation and alcohol and illicit drug use in adolescents and young adults: A systematic review of longitudinal studies. Addictive behaviors, 39(3), 497-506. Mash, E. J., Barkley, R. A. (Eds.). (2014).Child psychopathology. Guilford Publications. Mental health and older adults. (2017).World Health Organization. Retrieved 18 June 2017, from https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs381/en/ Morina, N., Wicherts, J. M., Lobbrecht, J., Priebe, S. (2014). Remission from post-traumatic stress disorder in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of long term outcome studies.Clinical Psychology Review,34(3), 249-255. Muench, F., van Stolk-Cooke, K., Morgenstern, J., Kuerbis, A. N., Markle, K. (2014). Understanding messaging preferences to inform development of mobile goal-directed behavioral interventions. Journal of medical Internet research, 16(2), e14. Palmer, R. H., Knopik, V. S., Rhee, S. H., Hopfer, C. J., Corley, R. C., Young, S. E., ... Hewitt, J. K. (2013). Prospective effects of adolescent indicators of behavioral disinhibition on DSM-IV alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug dependence in young adulthood. Addictive behaviors, 38(9), 2415-2421. Ray, G. T., Weisner, C. M., Taillac, C. J., Campbell, C. I. (2017). The high price of depression: Family members' health conditions and health care costs.General Hospital Psychiatry,46, 79-87. Schei, J., Jozefiak, T., Nvik, T. S., Lydersen, S., Indredavik, M. S. (2016). The impact of coexisting emotional and conduct problems on family functioning and quality of life among adolescents with ADHD.Journal of attention disorders,20(5), 424-433. Seblany, H. T., DINU, I. ?., Safer, M., PLE?CA, D. A. (2014). Factors that have a negative impact on quality of life in children with ADHD.FARMACIA,62(2), 350-357. Squeglia, L. M., Jacobus, J., Tapert, S. F. (2014). The effect of alcohol use on human adolescent brain structures and systems. Handbook of clinical neurology, 125, 501. The Effect on Families - Schizophrenia Research Institute. (2017).Schizophrenia Research Institute. Retrieved 18 June 2017, from https://www.schizophreniaresearch.org.au/schizophrenia/the-effect-on-families/ Verboom, C. E., Sijtsema, J. J., Verhulst, F. C., Penninx, B. W., Ormel, J. (2014). Longitudinal associations between depressive problems, academic performance, and social functioning in adolescent boys and girls.Developmental psychology,50(1), 247. Volkow, N. D., Swanson, J. M., Evins, A. E., DeLisi, L. E., Meier, M. H., Gonzalez, R., ... Baler, R. (2016). Effects of cannabis use on human behavior, including cognition, motivation, and psychosis: a review. JAMA psychiatry, 73(3), 292-297. WHO | Schizophrenia. (2017).Who.int. Retrieved 18 June 2017, from https://www.who.int/mental_health/management/schizophrenia/en/

Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Essay Example

Natural Disasters in the Caribbean Paper The natural disasters that are typically experienced in the Caribbean can have catastrophic and devastating impacts on the environment, economic development and social structure of these islands. Severe damage to the built infrastructure that has supported communities on Caribbean islands for decades can place a huge strain on economic activity. The social impacts that are experienced following natural disasters consist of homelessness, injury, suffering, sickness, disease, and even death. This paper will introduce the ajar natural disasters that have affected life in the Caribbean and they include hurricanes, earthquakes, volcanoes, landslides, flooding and tsunamis. Other than Barbados, all Windward Islands of the Caribbean are of volcanic origin. Volcanoes are ruptures in the earths surface that allow for the escape of lava and gas. The two types of volcanic eruptions, explosive and effusive, can both have devastating consequences on the environment and the Caribbean inhabitants. Although not a common occurrence, several volcanic eruptions have take place on Caribbean islands. For example, an eruption on SST. Vincent in 1979 left economic losses of 1 billion dollars, but fortunately no casualties. Flooding is another very impact natural disaster that is one of the more common types of natural disasters to greatly affect CAROM countries. Sometimes called the silent killer, flooding can greatly affect socio-economic development. Whether it is coastal or river flooding, it has the ability to greatly damage the agricultural landscape as well as introduce water-borne disease that can lead to death in local inhabitants. We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters in the Caribbean specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters in the Caribbean specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Natural Disasters in the Caribbean specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer There is a disproportionate vulnerability of CAROM countries to natural disaster demonstrated by the numerous events that have occurred over the last few hundred years. The intrinsic vulnerability is due to the small size of Caribbean islands, their insularity and remoteness, and the economic, environmental and demographic factors that are associated with these islands. Furthermore, there is limited hazard forecasting ability for several CAROM countries. The CAROM countries are geographically set in a location that makes them vulnerable to natural disasters. The Caribbean climate is tropical and temperatures range between approximately ICC and ICC throughout all islands as a whole. The prevailing trade winds along with year round sunny skies set a warm climate for CAROM countries with both dry and wet season. Precipitation depends on the elevation of the island and is also effected by water currents. The environmental impacts of Caribbean natural disasters are correlated with the large coastal zones on the numerous islands and the damage can vary from affecting the entire landscape or the falling on one tree. It was noted that from 1960-1989, hurricanes in the Greater Caribbean Basin resulted in the deaths of 28,000 people, disrupted the lives of 6 million people and destroyed property worth U. S. $16 billion. All the Caribbean nations that have already faced the fury of the hurricane Sandy and have had to fight back by burying the dead, finding shelter for the homeless and counting the economic losses. Sandy moved northwards with gusts in over 1 10 MPH destroying homes, crops and roads on its way. More than 69 people were killed in six countries.

An Introduction To Marketing In Leisure

An Introduction To Marketing In Leisure The aim of this assignment is to understand the terms 'marketing' and 'selling' and their role within a large organisations, to find the difference between product and customer orientated approaches and to define the differences and similarities between products and services.Definitions of marketing and sellingMarketing;-The Chartered Institute of Marketing (CIM) provides the first definition:Â · The management process responsible for identifying, anticipating and satisfying customer requirements profitably.The American Marketing Association (AMA) provides my second definition:Â · Marketing is the process of planning and executing the conception, pricing, promotion and distribution of ideas, goods and services to create, exchange and satisfy individual and organisational objectives (Bennett, 1995).Both of this definitions are firstly similar in one way, which is that they both start by identifying that marketing is a process nit just a one-off action. The CIM's definition refers to the management process, which includes the identification and anticipation of what customers require, which suggests that market research has to take place first.soldMarket research is a exercise used to gather information on customers to establish a potential market segment for a product and information on current trends and competitors in order to understand the market already established. The AMA's hasn't started by including the role of market research, but has immediately focussed upon how marketing is used to place a product in front of customers. This highlights one main difference between the two definitions, which is that the CIM explains the role of marketing within a customer-orientated organisations, where as the AMA focuses on a product-orientated organisation. An explanation of both of these types of organisations is discussed later. Both definitions do however agree on one point, which is that marketing is also used to the benefit of the organisation. The CIM highlig ht...

THE PRE-SOLICITATION NOTICE Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

THE PRE-SOLICITATION NOTICE - Essay Example Contracting processes normally are slower and require spending a lot of time and resources on checking and verification of the offices or other property and this can be sped up through pre solicitation process. Since notices of buying attract many people, pre solicitation notices assist in sorting out the potential buyers from the rest of the group and this also saves a lot of lost hours in trying to determine the serious buyers from the whole lot. The process should have oral presentation where the contract bidders are offered enough information about the process especially its importance and even allowed to ask question. This will enable them make an elite choice or decision in regards to the contract. The language in the pre solicitation notices should be simple and to the point. These notices have technical language which confuses many people and especially the first time contract bidders that they fail to understand what they are getting into. Lastly is the shortening of the notice and the notice process. Many contract bidders are busy and have little patience for long processes not to mention a lengthy notice which they are required to read through before agreeing to it. Reducing the wording and the process altogether will really help the first time contract

Family Strengths, Functions and Structure Coursework

Family Strengths, Functions and Structure - Coursework Example Family accord contributes to the strength of family since it allows for competency when dealing with conflicts within the family. Factors such as open communication, commitment, spirituality, and appreciation also contribute to the strength of a family. Cultural beliefs have resulted in the change in the functions of various families. For example, in my culture the role of the family is viewed as that of ensuring the family name grows hence decisions are made in terms of how they will impact on the family name and not how they will impact on family members such as children. Another example of how culture has influenced families changing their view on the functions of a family is where in some cultures children are groomed to take care of their parents. Family structure is what makes up the family in terms of membership. There are various types of family structures. A nuclear family structure is one that is traditional where it is comprised of a father, a mother and their children. A single parent family structure is where a family is composed of children with one parent either a father or a mother. Finally, an extended family structures is one where a family is composed of various relatives. For example, living with ones grandparents and parents contributes to an extended family. Early childhood programs play an important role in families in that they introduce the children to the external world enabling them to venture outside the comfort of their

Early Childhood In Playground Children And Young People Essay

Early Childhood In Playground Children And Young People Essay Naturalistic research is done by observing the type of play of children in the early childhood. According to the Piaget stage theory, it is mentioned that the childrens age of 2 to 7 year old is the period when the most occurrence of creating relationship with peers happened (Lahey, 2012). Based on the statement itself, we know that we can easily observe the interaction between children through the type of play in this age range. In current theory, Piaget mention that children in current age are classify with three type of play to occur relationship with peer (Lahey, 2012). One of it is solitary play (Lahey, 2012).Solitary meaning is same with the children are playing alone in the area (Lahey, 2012).Yet solitary play are been classify to two different components, first it name solitary constructive play and second it name solitary non-constructive play(Alicia Richard, 2005). Solitary constructive play is broadly defined as the movement of objects with the purpose of creating somethin g and exploratory play, more specifically including activities such as artwork and puzzle and block construction (Katz Buchholz, 1999; Rubin, 1982; Alicia Richard, 2005). Solitary non-constructive play is described as repetitive muscle movements with or without an object (such as banging a block against a wall; Coplan, Rubin, Fox, Calkins, Stewart, 1994; Lloyd Howe, 2003; Alicia Richard, 2005). Second type of play is called parallel play, it means that children who play around with other children with close distance and yet they are not playing together or having fun together (Lahey, 2012). The last type of play is corporative play which means that children are playing with other children which it could be two children or more (Lahey, 2012). One of the reasons why we conduct the naturalistic research is that we are able to explain the personality of the child according to the three type of play. For example, the majority of solitary play involved active, goal-directed activities such as blocks and arts and crafts; large muscle play; and educational play, such as challenging puzzles, workbooks, or reading (Moore, Evertson Brophy, 1974). As such, children who play alone are most likely to be seen independent and mature more than immature (Moore, Evertson Brophy, 1974). The objective that we focus in the current observation is to determine that children age from 2 to 7 (Preoperational stage) are solitary play in public playground even that other children are around. By past research paper we found that there have a lot thing that children can able to interact with other children for example in public playground which is the place that full with childrens laugher. From the current information, we have a reason that to choose public play ground as the location to do the naturalistic observation. Method Participants: The sample of this survey includes children in the early childhood which was children ranging from 2-7 years old. There were a total of 30 children who participated in the observation. There were about 60% of the children which were male while 40% of them were female. The major percentage of the childrens race which is was 55% is Malay, while about 25% percent of them were foreigners. The rest of the percentage which was 20% consists of both Chinese and Indian. Researchers predict that the age of the children observed were mostly 3 years old. Materials: The materials used for naturalistic observation were simple. Pen and paper were used to record the observations made. Every single detail of the observations made were jot down at the paper with the pen. Any forms of camera or video recorder were not used. Procedures: We did the observation in the childrens playground in KLCC Park for three consecutive days which was Friday, Saturday and Sunday. Observations were done from the time 12-3o clock in the afternoon. We assigned each other to observe from different spots in the park. One observer observed in the center of the of the childrens playground while the rest observed from each corner at the side of the playground. Conclusion The purpose of the research is to investigate the type of play of the children in their early childhood. In this naturalistic research, we managed to collect data by observing 30 children which is under 2-7 ages. We can found that about 30 of children got 17 children were solitary play which is they like to play alone .While the others 13 early childhood were under parallel play and cooperative play. In the 13 of the early childhood, 10 of them were parallel play which is the children were like to play near but not with another child. The rest 3 of them were like to play involves cooperation between two or more children. That means overall in our research ,there are 56 percent of the early childhood like to play alone,33 percent of the them like to play near but not interact with the child and 11 percent of the early childhood like to involves cooperation with other children while they playing. Based on the result we found that our hypothesis match with that result which is to study that children in the age of 2 to 7 years old that children will have a distance with other children when they are near. The situation of children to get near with other children is when one of the children is playing with the playground facility and the child has to share with other children. In the current situation we will list it as parallel play

What is a Self-injurious Behavior

The incident which I have chosen for my Nursing Project happened on the last day of my learning difficulties placement. It involved a young Autistic man, who I will refer to as ‘John† throughout my assignment. This is to protect the client†s identity, this is in accordance with the UKCC Code of professional conduct (1992) clause 10: â€Å"Protect all confidential information concerning patients and clients obtained in the course of professional practice and make disclosures only with consent, where required by the order of a court or where you can justify disclosure in the wider public interest.† One incident which I believe highlights the problem I will address, involved myself bathing ‘John†. This was not the first time that I had bathed a person during the placement, however, the difference this time was that while I was washing ‘John†, he would display elf-injurious behaviour by slapping his face and then repeating the phrase ‘stop slapping face†. I chose this incident from my clinical diary as I feel that the self-injurious behaviour that ‘John† exhibited is an interesting and difficult Nursing problem and one, which affected my ability to care for him. Rather than focussing on the self-injury specifically related to ‘John†s† case, I will examine the possible ways to manage self-injurious behaviour, especially in persons with learning disabilities. To manage this problem effectively, a multi-disciplinary approach is required, but for the purposes of this essay I will look at the problem from a Nurse†s perspective. I will begin by giving a brief description of self-injurious behaviour and the possible causes. I will then highlight the different techniques available to Nurses for the management of this behaviour. Murphy and Wilson(1985) define this as: â€Å"Any behaviour initiated by the individual, which directly results in physical harm to that individual.† As is apparent in the literature, self-injurious behaviour is referred to as any behaviour that can cause tissue damage, such as bruises, redness, and open wounds. The most common forms of these behaviours include head banging, hand biting, head-slapping, and excessive scratching. There are two main sets of theories on the subject and these concentrate on physiological or social causes. The main physiological theories are: Self-injurious behaviour releases beta-endorphins in the person†s brain. Beta-endorphins are opiate like substances in the brain, which provide the person with some pleasure when released. Sudden episodes of self-injury may be caused by sub-clinical seizures. Sub-clinical seizures are not typically associated with the behaviours of normal seizures by they are characterised by abnormal EEG patterns. May be caused by over arousal such as frustration. Self-injury acts as a release, and thus lowers arousal. Self-injury may be a form of self-stimulatory, stereotypic behaviour. Some people exhibit self-injury to escape or avoid a task. Self-injurious behaviour may be used as an attention-seeking device. An incident that involved ‘John† which illustrated the difficulty in managing self-injurious behaviour, was when an object he was obsessed with, was removed. This was using a punishment strategy which I will discuss later. This was thought to be the best course of action, but it lead to ‘John† being restrained for nearly an hour, followed by him being sedated with an intra-muscular injection of chlorpromazine. What can learned from this is that it demonstrates the need for careful assessment of the individual. As highlighted by Murphy and Wilson(1985): â€Å"The treatment selected will depend on how the self-injurious behaviour originally developed and what factors maintain it.† There are a wide variety of different strategies or factors involved in treating or managing self-injurious behaviour. These include restraint, pharmacotheraphy, behavioural therapy, inter-personal strategies, normalisation and environmental factors. I will now examine in turn each of these strategies or factors. This is the most effective way of dealing with self-injurious behaviour in an emergency but there are a number of problems that can arise. Firstly, restraint raises some ethical questions, such as does someone have the right to injure themselves? This dilemna and others related to this topic are difficult to answer, but in general we make the assumption that the client is not capable of choosing for themselves. Secondly, the use of restraint present devaluing images of the client. Thirdly, they involve the violation of personal space which is usual for everyday social interaction. This can lead to a detrimental effect on the nurse/client relationship. Furthermore, there is the risk of injury to staff and to the client. Also there is the possibility of staff being accused of abuse, this is highlighted by Jones and Eayrs(1993): â€Å"Care staff may well face allegations of client abuse associated with the use of restraint.† There are some drawbacks in the use of restraint but it is an essential tool available to the Nurse in the management of Self-injurious or challenging behaviour. A number of drug treatments were used at Woodlands namely Chlorpromazine and Hapliperidol. These were reasonably effective but with these drugs there are serious side effects. As stated by Bernstein et al(1994): â€Å"Serious side effects include symptoms similar to those of Parkinson†s disease, such as muscle rigidity, restlessness, tremor and slowed movement.† These side effects can be treated with anti-Parkinson drugs. When trying to manage inappropriate behaviour using psychoactive drugs they should only be used as an integral part of the client†s programme. For example to combine Pharamacotherapy with other strategies such as behavioural treatments. In general behavioural approaches to treatment seem to be the most effective and long lasting ways of managing violent and aggressive behaviour. A reason for this is suggested by Murphy Wilson( ): â€Å"The fact that the ‘learned behaviour hypothesis† is one of the most convincing hypotheses for explaining the development of self-injurious behaviour.† This term covers a variety of different approaches but some of the main methods are positive reinforcement, modelling, extinction, aversive conditioning and punishment. This means, in the context of my essay, reinforcing or strengthening any behaviour that is not self-injurious. An example of this is raised by Bernstein et al (1994): † Autistic children, who, use very little language, were rewarded with grapes, popcorn, or other items for saying ‘please†, ‘thank you† and ‘your welcome† while exchanging crayons and blocks with a therapist.† This is defined by Bernstein et al(1994) as: â€Å"The gradual disappearance of a conditioned response or operand behaviour due to elimination either of the association between conditioned and unconditioned stimuli or of rewards for certain behaviours.† In the case of treating self-injurious behaviour it can be effective, but it is not always possible to use this method, because, firstly the client may seriously injure himself before the behaviour disappears. Secondly, if the reason for the behaviour is self-stimulation, it may not be possible to remove the source of reinforcement. This is basically a method of therapy in which desirable behaviours are demonstrated as a way of teaching them to clients. This method employs classical conditioning principles to link physical or psychological discomfort with undesirable behaviours. An example of this by Bernstein et al(1994) is: â€Å"Alcoholics might be allowed to drink after taking a nausea-producing drug, so that the taste and smell of alcohol are associated with nausea rather than the usual pleasurable feelings.† This was used extensively at woodlands. The main way in which clients were relaxed was through the use of a ‘sensory room.† This was basically a room that contained various lights, music and tactile objects designed to relax the client. The ‘sensory room† was extremely effective at woodlands and was an invaluable apparatus in the management of violent or aggressive behaviour. This kind of strategy involves penalising any behaviour considered to be inappropriate. These were used at Woodlands, sometimes they were effective, but in one case regarding ‘John† it seemed to make matters worse, leading to him to require to be sedated. In general punishment strategies should be used in conjunction with reinforcement of desirable and non-injurious behaviours. This is an important strategy in the treatment of challenging behaviour. It is the way in which a Nurse communicates verbally or non-verbally with the client. It is recognised that inappropriate behaviour from carers can instigate or maintain aggressive behaviours. The important factors as indicated by my research are eye contact, posture, touch and how the nurse actually speaks to the client. From my research I have found that there is a great deal of contradictory advice when dealing with an aggressive client. For example there is some evidence that remaining calm is the best thing to do but Breakwell(1989) cited by Jones and Eayrs(1993) suggests that: â€Å"The assailant who shouts is shouted at: calm intensity is greeted with equal intensity.† What is obvious is that when dealing with a client, interpersonal strategies are extremely important, but there is no right or wrong way. This is defined by Bank-Mikkelson (1980) cited by Murphy and Wilson(1985) as the need to: † Create an existence for the mentally retarded as close to normal living conditions as possible† This means to make conditions of education, housing, work and leisure to as near normal as possible and to bring greater equality of rights, obligations and responsibilities under law. Although it is not necessarily related with the treatment of someone who presents challenging behaviour, it is an important factor in considering the overall care of the client. This is providing an environment safe from potential factors, which may cause challenging behaviours. Some of these negative environmental factors may be things like loud noise, absence of attention, aggression from other residents, isolation or not enough space.

English as an Official Language for the US Essay

â€Å"Do we really need another bureaucracy controlling how and what we speak?† (â€Å"English Should Not Be the Official Language of the United States.† n.d.) I think when the government makes English as an official language, people could have a chance to choose what language they want use in their homes. It was surprising to me when I found out that the U.S.A does not have an official language. Although English is many people’s native language, it also often used for business. For me, I think the U.S.A should declare English as an official language for many reasons. When I asked some Americans about their opinion, they said U.S.A is a country of freedom, which means there can be no laws that do anything to take the freedom from American citizens, accordingly they are against making English an official language. I think if the country makes English as an official language, it would not affect the freedom because people can speak another language at home, they just will use English as an official language. English is the global language is one of the reasons to make English as an official language of U.S.A. Around the world people usually learn English in their school. For example, in my country, which is Saudi Arabia, we study English from the fourth year of school until graduation. By making English the official language citizens could still keep their freedom while government declare English as an official language. English is already lingua franca of the United States. Lingua franca means a popular language that is used throughout the country. Many people in U.S.A use English as a first language. Another example, pilots have to learn English to use it when they fly. Another example is in Saudi Arabia, which is my country, the doctors have to learn English and that’s weird how the doctors in other countries, which have Arabic as an official language, must learn English. Being the lingua franca is one of the reasons, which I think it would make sense for the US government to declare English as an official language. The government could save money if they declared English as an official language. â€Å"The report finds that the federal government has spent US$4.5 billion on outsourced language services since 1990.† (â€Å"Common Sense Advisory Home.† 1/10/2011.) Depend to this fact the U.S. could have saved $4.5 billion in translation services from 1990 until 2009 if it had declared English as the official language. This includes translation for 911, hospitals, and other services. Also, the economy could benefit if the United States declare English as an official language because most tourists use English as a second language. The government saves money, is just one more reason to argue for English as an official language in the United States. The US would gain international respect as one of the reasons to argue for declaring English as an official language of the U.S.A. When the international community knows the official language in U.S.A is English they would try to learn English before they come. When the visitors learn English before they come, it would help citizens to be able better understand the visitors. Gaining international respect is one of my reasons to support English as an official language in the United States. In conclusion, the U.S should declare English as an official language because Americans can still keep freedoms while promoting national identity. English is already lingua franca. It would benefit the economy and the U.S would gain international respect. For these reasons the U.S should declare English as an official language.

False Advertising Essay - 610 Words

False Advertising Nowadays television and the advertising displayed in it is a part of everyday life in most households. What many people do not know is that television in many ways is bad. Numerous articles have been written on this. Many surveys and books have been written on this subject as well. The ads in television are what are especially bad. Some television ads are misleading. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Countless articles have been written on false advertising on television. Most of these articles target specific instances of fraudulent behavior, but some do address the television industry as a whole. These articles for the most part seem to be complaining about politicians (more so than the advertisers themselves) and the†¦show more content†¦About three quarters of these books include sections on false advertising (generally large ones), the steps taken in preventing it, and how much of it you see every day. I think John Lahr put it best when he said quot;Society drives people crazy with lust and calls it advertising.quot;. What he meant in my opinion was that advertising is simply meant to tease and really has little bearing on real life (other than to sell the product). That ties directly in with false advertising, because if something has little bearing on real life and the companies are trying to say that it does have bearing on real life, it is falsely advertising the product. A good way to demonstrate this would be if every family in America with a television saw one advertisement which twisted the facts approximately 99% of Americas families will have been sold on a product when they are not getting the absolute truth. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Some television ads are misleading. There should be no doubt in your mind about that now. There have been hundreds of books, articles, and surveys written which help prove this. 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